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Wide Area Monitoring Systems
Grid operations are complex in nature and are to be maintained under strict grid codes and operational efficiencies. When the limits of power system equipments are to be determined dynamically or systems are to be rescued from a near potential collapse, availability of real time data representing real time network conditions are important to the operator. SCADA systems are widely deployed in transmission and grid operation centers for monitoring of the network parameters. But these SCADA systems updates analog data typically in 5-10 seconds range and hence which will not be able to represent real time state of the network. Usually, to represent the dynamic state of system, the information is required at a scale of 20 msec to 1000 msec.
Synchrophasor technology can help deliver a better real-time visualization required for a smarter and stable grid, with a wide deployment of phasor measurement units and using high-speed, reliable and secure communication systems. The real time situational awareness and decision support systems enhance power system stability and reliability. Typically, the stability boundaries are determined by voltage, frequency and angular separation between different interconnections. Secure operating region is the initial state of any power system operation and when the system tends to violate from its optimal operation limits, the system needs to be brought back with minimal co-ordinated actions. Kalkitech Wide Area Monitoring Solutions help monitor grid stability and provide a wide area situational awareness in real time by deploying Phasor Measurement Units, Phasor Data Concentrators and WAMS analysis and visualization system on standards based protocols and communication channels.
Kalkitech WAMS system consists of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) placed at strategic locations of the grid. In comparison with conventional systems, PMU determine RMS values of Voltage, Current and angular difference between a global reference signal and incoming V & I inputs. PMU uses digital signal process and mathematical engines to derive quantities and continuous time synchronization methods for deriving accurate time stamps for data sets.
Time stamps are derived from a highly accurate clock which is synchronized to a global time reference satellite. PMUs receive time data, as well as accurate second pulse from GPS receivers. The collected data will be send to a phasor data concentrator over C-37.118 communication protocol and updates at rate defined by the user and requirement. Stability and accuracy of clocks are very important as the reference wave form is generated from the clocks, and a time error of 1µ sec can induct 0.018 Hz in 50Hz system.
Phasor data concentrator receives data from multiple PMUs placed at different locations of the power system network and aligns the data received in a common time scale and sends to upstream data concentrators (DCs) / applications for further analysis. The application can be a visualization tool, historian and analytics or protection functions. PDCs can be part of centralized or de-centralized WAMS architecture.
As the phasors represents dynamic characteristics of system, data shall be effectively displayed to the operator for better understandings of the system. Typical visualization system includes following displays.
Time stamps are derived from a highly accurate clock which is synchronized to a global time reference satellite. PMUs receive time data, as well as accurate second pulse from GPS receivers. The collected data will be send to a phasor data concentrator over C-37.118 communication protocol and updates at rate defined by the user and requirement. Stability and accuracy of clocks are very important as the reference wave form is generated from the clocks, and a time error of 1µ sec can induct 0.018 Hz in 50Hz system.
Phasor data concentrator receives data from multiple PMUs placed at different locations of the power system network and aligns the data received in a common time scale and sends to upstream data concentrators (DCs) / applications for further analysis. The application can be a visualization tool, historian and analytics or protection functions. PDCs can be part of centralized or de-centralized WAMS architecture.
As the phasors represents dynamic characteristics of system, data shall be effectively displayed to the operator for better understandings of the system. Typical visualization system includes following displays.
- System frequency responses (Hz and df / dt)
- Path dynamics-relative angular difference between major nodes
- Phasor plots-Voltage magnitudes and Phasor plots with respect to reference selected
- MW and MVAR transfer paths.
Kalkitech Wide Area Monitoring Solution architecture is as given below:
Power system normally oscillates at lower frequencies due to dynamic load generation deferrals as well as internal characteristics. Improperly damped oscillation in system can grow and which can go out of control. WAMS can act as an input to Oscillation Monitoring Systems (OMS) that is typically implemented as an online analysis tools to determine the oscillation in the system. The OMS has an event analysis engine based on algorithms like prony analysis for post-disturbance data and a damping monitor engine doing FDD analysis for ambient data. The OMS helps in the early detection of poorly damped oscillation and triggers warning signals based on the inputs.
Key features of Kalkitech WAMS solution includes:
- Hardware independent architecture
- Based on IEEE C37.118 set by IEEE Synchrophasor working committee
- Protocol conversion capability (IEC-104, ICCP, IEC-61850)
- Integrated Applications: Oscillation Monitoring System, Historian System
- Integrated Thick and web clients
- Data compression ratio Up to 1/32
- High resolution online trending (20 msec )
- Network connection diagnostic features
- Customizable development environments
- Alarm and Event management system
SYNC 4000 - PDC
SYNC 4000 can function as a high performance and scalable synchro-phasor data concentrator and protocol conversion gateway for Wide Area Monitoring applications. It is capable of collecting phasor data streamed from any IEEE C37.118 compliant phasor measurement unit via Ethernet and aggregates all the C37.118 input streams, performs data validation and time alignment and transmits C37.118 super packets to multiple clients.
It can also perform protocol conversion from C37.118 to a number of common power system protocols, for interfacing with SCADA, EMS or other third party applications. User friendly tools for configuration and diagnostics make engineering, system integration and commissioning quick and easy. SYNC 4000 PDC can collect data streams from up to 100 PMUs simultaneously at rates of 60 samples/sec. SYNC 4000 is based on standard quad-core server hardware.
Historian
Historian is a real-time data software for acquiring, storing and displaying large amounts of operations and engineering information. It collects data from Communicator deep within the enterprise and stores it in a highly compressed format, allowing time-series data to be stored online in its original resolution. It enables accurate and timely performance-based decisions that improve operating costs. Historian stores the parameters relevant for identifying the performance of individual equipments. Along with the process parameter it continuously records the status of equipment. Kalkitech has partnered with INSTEP Software LLC to provide their leading historian application eDNA as a solution.
To know more about eDNA Historian Solution, please visit eDNA Overview
SYNC 4000 can function as a high performance and scalable synchro-phasor data concentrator and protocol conversion gateway for Wide Area Monitoring applications. It is capable of collecting phasor data streamed from any IEEE C37.118 compliant phasor measurement unit via Ethernet and aggregates all the C37.118 input streams, performs data validation and time alignment and transmits C37.118 super packets to multiple clients.
It can also perform protocol conversion from C37.118 to a number of common power system protocols, for interfacing with SCADA, EMS or other third party applications. User friendly tools for configuration and diagnostics make engineering, system integration and commissioning quick and easy. SYNC 4000 PDC can collect data streams from up to 100 PMUs simultaneously at rates of 60 samples/sec. SYNC 4000 is based on standard quad-core server hardware.
- High performance for minimum data loss and latency
- More than 50 samples / sec data rate
- IEEE C37.118 standard compliant
- Use with PMUs from any vendor
- C37.118 data processing, time alignment and aggregation
- Protocol conversion to other common power system protocols
Historian
Historian is a real-time data software for acquiring, storing and displaying large amounts of operations and engineering information. It collects data from Communicator deep within the enterprise and stores it in a highly compressed format, allowing time-series data to be stored online in its original resolution. It enables accurate and timely performance-based decisions that improve operating costs. Historian stores the parameters relevant for identifying the performance of individual equipments. Along with the process parameter it continuously records the status of equipment. Kalkitech has partnered with INSTEP Software LLC to provide their leading historian application eDNA as a solution.
To know more about eDNA Historian Solution, please visit eDNA Overview
Southern Region Load Dispatch Center (SRLDC)
Kalkitech successfully implemented a pilot WAMS demonstration for SRLDC. The project had three PMUs installed at 400kV substations in Hyderabad, Salem and Bengaluru from the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka respectively.
The implemented Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS) comprises of National Instruments Compact RIO series Level-0 C-37 compliant PMU, Kalkitech SYNC Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) which can handle 100 PMUs, as well as data storage and visualization system which collects stores and depicts phasor data received from PMUs to the operator.
Kalkitech successfully implemented a pilot WAMS demonstration for SRLDC. The project had three PMUs installed at 400kV substations in Hyderabad, Salem and Bengaluru from the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka respectively.
The implemented Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS) comprises of National Instruments Compact RIO series Level-0 C-37 compliant PMU, Kalkitech SYNC Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) which can handle 100 PMUs, as well as data storage and visualization system which collects stores and depicts phasor data received from PMUs to the operator.
Wide area monitoring application and software PDC installed on industrial standard Servers and placed at LDC control centre. The PMU communicates to control centre over a dedicated 64 kbps ULDC telecom network (E1 network). V.35 modems (Nomus gateways) located at each PMU site shall provide necessary interface for the PMU to connect to the ULDC network. is used for the pilot project.
At control centre, the PDC time aligsn the c-37 frames and generate multiple c-37 streams. One output stream shall utilized by the visualization and historian application, another stream is utilized by oscillation monitoring and another one for NRLDC PDC integration, OMS. Application server includes phasor monitoring, oscillation monitoring, visualizations tools and storage applications, which will all together, provides enhanced situational awareness and real-time oscillation monitoring system for SRLDC.
Read more on Synchrophasor Initiatives in India – A Report by POSOCO
